Early detection of cancer is critical to saving lives and mitigating the financial burden associated with treating this disease, health officials say. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this diagnosis becomes increasingly crucial as the incidence of cancer shifts to younger age groups, as highlighted in a report released in January by the American Cancer Society.
The report, published in CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, reveals a troubling trend: While the general population in the United States is aging, individuals under age 50 are experiencing an increase in overall cancer incidence from 1995 to 2020. This contrasts with older age groups, underscoring the urgent need for early cancer detection methods.
Dr. William Dahut, Chief Scientist of the American Cancer Society, notes the shift in cancer diagnoses toward younger individuals, despite the increased population densities in older age groups. This highlights the growing need for early cancer detection, coupled with primary prevention strategies endorsed by medical experts. These preventive measures include lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, a balanced diet, emphasizing the reduction of processed foods, red meats, sugary drinks, and cessation of alcohol consumption, as outlined by the American Cancer Society.
Early cancer diagnosis includes two main components, according to the World Health Organization: early diagnosis and screening. Early diagnosis is effective for symptomatic cancers, involving recognition of symptoms, seeking medical care, access to assessment and diagnostic services, and referral to subsequent treatment services.
Screening aims to identify signs of cancer or precancerous lesions in asymptomatic individuals. Tests such as cytology and mammography fall into this category, helping in the early detection of potential malignancies.
Renowned oncologist and public health expert Dr. Elmer Huerta describes early detection as a form of “secondary prevention.” Unlike primary prevention, which focuses on avoiding the triggers of cancer, secondary prevention comes into play when cancer has already started but is progressing slowly enough that testing can be used to prevent further progression.
The main tests for early cancer detection recommended by the U.S. National Cancer Institute include:
- Cervical Cancer Screening: The HPV test and Pap test are recommended for women between the ages of 21 and 65.
- Breast Cancer ScreeningMammography is recommended annually for women over the age of 40.
- Colorectal Cancer Screening: Fecal occult blood testing is recommended for both men and women over the age of 50.
- Colonoscopy: Recommended for people with an average risk of colorectal cancer between the ages of 45 or 50 and 75.
Additionally, low-dose CT is recommended for the detection of lung cancer, especially in heavy smokers who meet certain criteria.
Early diagnosis remains critical as some cancers occur without warning signs. WHO notes the prevalence of late cancer diagnosis and limited diagnostic access, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Vigilance in early diagnosis mechanisms can have a significant impact on treatment outcomes and survival rates.
